Physics / mechanism
Competitive landscape
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is the dominant competitor — higher energy density, lower upfront $/kWh at current scale, but degradation above ~4,000 cycles and thermal management costs at multi-MWh scale close the gap. Compressed air and pumped hydro compete at >100 MWh duration. Zinc-bromine and iron-air are adjacent chemistries with overlapping target markets.
Companies using
Connected ideas
Sources
Frontier (open questions)
- To be added.