Physics / mechanism
Competitive landscape
Competing and adjacent approaches split on dispatchability vs. cost. Established thermal generation competes with variable renewables on reliability; storage (Li-ion, flow batteries, long-duration) bridges the gap. Hydrogen electrolysis offers chemical storage but round-trip efficiency (~30–40%) is punishing. Direct competitors within generation:
| Technology | LCOE ($/MWh) | Capacity Factor | Dispatchable |
|---|---|---|---|
| Utility solar PV | 25–45 | 20–30% | No |
| Onshore wind | 25–50 | 35–45% | No |
| CCGT gas | 45–75 | 50–85% | Yes |
Companies using
Connected ideas
Sources
Frontier (open questions)
- To be added.